김향금HyangKumKim

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The Korea folk dance has each in a different properties and cultural values with the changes of time. Among other, Shilla dance that composed of song, instruments and dance, is closely correlated with a life including a popular dance, a court dance, a funeral dance, etc. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to present rationale for development and historical origin of the Korea folk dance by re-examining the cultural aspect and properties of Shilla dance. 1. Shilla is become a powerful country through activities of the Harang, lead a happy life to construct the foundation of living under the influence of mostly woman`s dancing in the 8th lunar month. 2. The dancing and music in Shilla were biased to new dancing, music and art culture, so these were given much weight in ancient Korea culture. 3. The pattern of Shilla dance is made up of ten domains such as dancing, song, instruments, etc., and biased to a popular dance and a court dance, so these were exerted an important effect on Shilla art-culture development. 4. The properties of Shilla dancing is portrayed a woman folk dance, a farming folk dance, a funeral dance, a court dance, etc., and then is showed the subdivision and the expert position such as dance, singer, Kayakum player, etc. 5. The view on the Shilla dancing is pursued a happy and meaningful life through dancing, so this nation is understood and practiced the esthetics of life.

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이학래HakLaeLee

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We all sportsmen have debated on several issues such as the direction of current sports, the shape of sports in 21st century, and the sportsmen’s positions on contemporary sports. Therefore, I think it very meaningful to examine and to estimate synthetically all issues on sports in the turning point of the century once again. The purpose of this study is to examine the essence of sports in the social viewpoints, to find out the various issues on morality which have happened in the sports ground, to forecast from the historic viewpoints what its future will be, and to give out the tasks necessary for the development of sports in Korea. 1. There are two opposite functions, friendly and unfriendly, in sports. In other words, the international games are ready to promote the interest and friendship among the participating nations, on the other hand, they are ready to bring about the friction and to increase the hostility among them. Nonetheless, most of the international games contribute positively to promoting the interest and friendship among the participating nations. The most striking example is the ping-gong game of America to China in the early nineteen-seventies, which was famous for "ping-pong diplomacy" afterwards. Its ultimate purpose was to restore the broken diplomatic relations caused by political friction and hostility between the two nations, and to establish the politically close relation with each other. 2. The idea of the modern Olympic Games, a synonym for amateur sports, is to conduct the pursuit of human prosperity and peace by promoting solidarity and friendship among the paticipating nations beyond their races, nationalities, ideologies, religions, statecrafts and economies. It is to be desired that these elements in the Olympian Games should also be achieved in the modern Olympic Games. However, most of the participating nations tend to regard the Olympic Games as a means of winning medals, showing off their own national power, and increasing their own interests. Moreover, the intervention of nationalism, commercialism and political power in the Olympic Games exposes and deepens the difference and contradiction between the idea mentioned above and the reality. 3. The corruption of the Olympian Games had its climax under Nero, a tyrant. Nero, who was the governor of the Roman Empire, took part in the Olympian Games himself and was crowned with the laurels of victory. In addition, swordsmen’s event was a thoroughly political and professional one. In a word, it showed the climax of moral corruption. It was not only a political means of its administrators regardless of the public health, education and welfare, but also a bloody fight of the hungry and the homeless for food and freedom. After all, the Olympian Games which had played a crucial role in creating brilliant Greek culture became a political sacrifice of the Roman Empire and came to an end in 393. When the Roman Empire was destroyed in the late 5th century, all games including the notorious swordsmen’s event had been prohibited by the christian stoicism for hundreds of years. This shows us what sports lacking of moral sense shall become of. One can figure out the final aspect of elite sports faithful to the protection of vested rights of the ruling classes and to an obscurantist policy to prolong the life of their own regime. The conclusion is that sports lacking educational value and moral dignity, namely, sports which has impurity and absurdity in it, has the same fate as the political power had. 4. Many people have criticized all kinds of immoral conducts that found on the spot of the modern Olympic Games including the expansion of statecraft and commercialism, the athletes’ taking-drugs, the unfair judgements, and so forth. They have also taken pains to correct these lm moral donducts. The general discussion on these issues contains the removal of the democratic factors，the reduction in the scale of games, the limitation of the site of the sports events to several neutral nations, etc. However, the fact is that no clear-cut solution has presented itself to that. Therefore, above all, I intend to give out several tasks necessary systematically for developing sports in Korea, expecting that the professional international organization such as IOC will solve these problems. The first need is to the rationalization of the management in sports for students. -The educational training programs to balace the basic physical strenth and to achieve the various skills rather than the excellent competetion should be provided for the middle and high school students who are growing up rapidly. -The opportunity to go on a similar department should be assured for the university athletes requiring a specialized course, and the systematic training on consignment for the concentrating way of lessons at need should be introduced. -The non-educational abuses for the students to boycott lectures due to sports should be preventive by adopting a system that all games for students should be held in weekend or during the vacation. The second need is the well-balanced development of sports for office workers. -The well-balanced management of professional sports as a life-style of great service to every employee’s promotion of health and welfare as well as a means of advertizing the company. -The making the best of experts by providing the system for every company team to accept the retired elite athletes. -The encouragement of the sound and merry atmosphere at work by trusting and cooperating between labor and management and by holding obligatorily the regular athletic meeting (including mountain-climbing and picnic) yearly. The third need is the piramid fosterage of the elite athletes through club activities. -The removal of non-educational elements m sports for students by giving up willingly elite sports in school that is a vestage of Japanese colonialism. -Elite sports led to the management of physical training in the people’s lfe for the purpose of public health and welfare. In other words, the physical training in the people’s life comes before the systematic establishment of elite sportss. -The recognition of the fact that the pathological phenomenon in the nation over GNP $ 10,000 per each person result from the people’s lack of exercise, and the positive financial and administrative support necessary for its improvement.

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강미선MiSunKang

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The aims of this research are to apply Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenological viewpoint of the body to live dance as a means of making a new explanation of it, considers the possibility of fulfilling the ultimate aims of live dance, and making a study of its relationship with the lived body conception. Descartes traditional dualism and empirical dualism observed and explained the human being from an objective point of view making excessive emphasis on the scientific study of the human being and as a result caused human behavior the loss of its subjectivity and also degraded and ignored the human body and its activity as a mere subject of objective analysis. At this, Merleau-Ponty saw the human body as the subject of the senses and as a voluntary organ, did phenomenological research on perception, and claimed the subject that experienced such perception could be found in the body-as-subject Also, Merleau-Ponty’s viewpoint of the body agrees with experience based on perceptive trials and the lived-body as the subject of experience, and claimed that the body that was felt through one’s existentialistic experiences. Live dance is a creative bodily activity based on the harmony of one’s internal consciousness and body which corresponds with the heart of Eastern philosophy, the concept of “ki”. In short it is a unique form of Korean dance that sublimates artistic liveliness and creativity. The basic element of live dance is the actual “ki” of artistic experience that transcends time and space, and can be said to be a dance with brings together the concepts of being are with nature, life, respiration, the quest for freedom, and creative vivaciousness. Human beings discover their substantial roots by expressing their basic consciousness of individual essence through dance, and through the conversation between dancer and dance such concepts are transmitted phenomenologically between dancer and audience. Also in the event that live experience exists within the dance, it is possible to discover the true nature and worth of dance. Dance that is made up of live experience is expressed through the movements of the dancer, and as an active phenomenon of bodily expression, and because it provide a second-hand bodily experience, it is difficult to understand dance merely through scientific analysis or by watching it created and performed on stage. If we are to understand the subjective meaning immanent in dance, it can be said to be possible through Merleau-Ponty’s statement about individualistic experience thorough the live body-as-subject, and also when one concentrates on one’s body and its activities through the perception of “ki” as a subject of experience not as common knowledge but as artistic consciousness or embodied knowing, the body that is the basis of live dance exists as the “live body” which transcends time and space, and then it becomes possible to find satisfaction in the internal values that one pursues through live dance. Consequently, live dance, from a subject-perceptive phenomenological point of view, is not to be understood as a visual concept, but as a matter of viewing dance by the body activities constitute the dance, so the dancer, not the audience, is capable of understanding the profound basic elements. To a person dancing live dance, the body is a “live body” powered-up with “ki”, in a dimension of the harmony, of body and mind, and this is the same as Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenological “body-as-subject” concept, and the viewpoint of the body of live dance is a living, vibrating dance which sterns from the unity of body and soul.

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임태성TaeSeoungLim

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The purpose of this research is to examine the influences of Seoul Olympics on the changes in sports cultures in Korea. For its purpose, by using both literature analysis method and sense survey method, of which the former is a theoretical study and the latter an empirical study, I reached the following conclusion that: 1. The Influences of Seoul Olympics on the Factors and Varients of the Cultural Changes in Sports. 1) It had a positive influence on the factors of the internationalization in sports(The mean of the perception degree was 3.84). (1) It had a positive influence on the promotion of the interchange in sports(3.96). (2) It had a positive influence on the activation of sports in life(3.70). (3) It had a positive influence on the increase in competitive power in international games(3.82). (4) It had a positive influence on the enhancement of the national prestige(3.93). (5) It had a positive influence on the increase in the frequency of holding international games (3.80). 2) It had a positive influence on the factors of sports administration(3.34). (1) It had a positive influence on the extension of sports organization(3.20). (2) It had a positive influence on the increase of the sports facilities(3.81). (3) It had a positive influence on the promotion of sports finance(3.56). (4) It had a positive influence on the development of sports industry(3.79). 3) It had a influence on the factors of the relation to the North(3.28). (1) It had a positive influence on the promotion of the interchange between the South and the North in sports(3.28). It was estimated that Seoul Olympics had positive influences on the changes in sports culture, considering the perception degree 3.0 in all factors and varients. 2. The Characteristics of the Populational Attributes in the Influences of Seoul Olympics on the Cultural Changes in Sports. 1) The characteristic by sex made no attentive difference in all factors. 2) The characteristic by age made an attentive difference in two factors of the internationalization and the administration in sports, namely, the older a person was, the more positive it was. 3) The characteristic by academic background made no difference in all factors. 4) The characteristic by occupation made difference in two factors of the internationalization and the administration in sports, in other words, managers and workers for self-supporting service and for simple labor were more positive than students and laborers. 5) The characteristic by class made no difference in all factors. The influences of Seoul Olympics on the cultural changes in sports marked obvious characteristics according to the populational attributes. In this way, Seoul Olympics has brought about the structural changes including values and system norms in sports. Therefore it is considered that these prove that the developmental change theory which is macroscopic views in this research is adequate.

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유미희

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변해심

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the degree of social acceptance of female participation in sports in Korean society. Three hundred twenty subjects were sampled in Seoul area using multi-staged stratified random sampling method and 287 data were analyzed by SPSSPC^+ Statistical Package after removing the un-reliable 33 data. The questionnaire was developed to gather data on Korean people’s social acceptance on female participation in sports based on Snyder & Spreitzer(1987)’s survey questionnaire. The items were asked by 5-point Likert scale on 46 sports events(36 Olympic sports and 10 sports-for-all events). The analyses were done by sex and age. The results were as follows: Firstly, the degree of social acceptance of Korean adults on female sport participation was various by each sports. Secondly, female participation in swimming, aerobic, gymnastics, table tennis, badminton, bowling, folk dance, mountaineering, skating, yoga, tennis, archery, syncronized swimming, skiing, volleyball, golf were evaluated as desirable by Korean adults. Thirdly, female participation in boxing, wrestling, weight lifting, baseball, soccer, javelin throwing, judo, body building, shot put, modern pentathlon, marathon, hockey, water polo, canoeing were evaluated as undesirable by Korean adults. Fouthly, Korean male showed lower degree of social acceptance in female sport participation than female. Fifthly, the younger the age of Korean adults, the higher degree of social acceptance were showed in female participation in sports.

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조영호YoungHoCho , 심재영JaeYoungShim

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The purpose of this study is to provide the basic information regarding the legal liability and remedies relating to the accidents during sports or physical education. The subject which must be understood by the participants, instructors of sports or physical education, other members of the sports field, and others who engage in the occupations relating to sports in order to protect themselves or others, by giving the details of such subject. Sport accidents are almost inevitable by the intrinsic nature of danger on the sport activity itself. Thus, to call an opposite to account runs contrary to the original sport spirit when sport accidents happen during sport activities including instrinsic danger. However, it is basic concept for well-being contury to help people who have sport accidents. The basic concept has been recognized widely to people. Modern society has been a demand society which claims damages of trivial accidents according to reduce and exclude feeling of resistance against the legal proceedings. Under the actual circumstances of modern society the responsibility of sport accidents is to demand specific legal problems when causal relationship between accidents and it`s cause usually admitted in society is proved by evidence.

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Ho Mun Jun , Chul Soo Park , Jong Hwan Kim

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The purpose of this study was to investigate and bring to light beliefs and opinions about the existing Korean Sports Organizational System. These views specifically regard the degree of organizational health enjoyed by the system as whole and its sub-organizations. The subjects of the study included members of the KASA, SOSPF, and KASA and other Korean Sporting professional personnel. Organizational Health Instrument and open-ended questionnaire employed as instruments for this study and the subjects were approached and relevant information gathered in one of three ways: (1) by delivering the questionnaires personally: (2) by mailing out the questionnaires; and (3) by securing personal interviews. Health Percentile Score was used as statistical techniques to test the organizational health. The results of the study indicated that the Korean Sports Organizational System scored low on the OHI. The composite average score was 15.5 on the OHI which is much less than a fifth of OHI maximum score of 100.

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김명수MyungSooKim , 조인철InChulCho

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The purpose of this article is to review the changes of group norms in school athletic teams on season Through observations on 336 man atheletes of team events(soccor, basketball, handball, rugby, volleyball), who are engaged in 38 teams of Japan Univ., the results of this article is shown in the following way: Based on performance norms and order norms in the strictness of group norms in school athletes, the level of strictness of the group is not down after On-Season if the group holds the strict norms but the level of strictness is down after On-Season if the group does not hold the strict norms. Based on attitude norm, lifestyle norm and service for senior student norm, the level of strictness is always down after On-Season, irrespective of the strict norms during On-Season. We can conclude from the above data that, on the strictness of school athletic teams, the level of strictness is higher during On-Season than during Off-Season and the variations of the strictness can be measured differentiately according to the strictness and the kinds of norms originally held in groups.

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이규문KyuMoonLee

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I analyzed the true operating state of the current Korean colleges’ games by reffering to the operating state of the interscholastic game of the American national collegiate athletic match league in order to present a normal and reasonable operating system of the interscholastic match being operated ineffectviely. The result is as follows: 1. The American National Collegiate Athletic Association(NCAA) establishes the model behavior standard and performs its role as the interscholastic game operating administration organization NCAA’s goals are not to have athletes’ playing result in their having trouble in school work by limiting strictly the exercise period and the frequency of participation in games by athletes, and to be an active supporters’ association. Also it tries to lead in enlightenment and the concern of the inhabitants besides providing swift, accurate reports by increasing their participation in mass media. 2. It becomes difficult to distinguish a popular event from an unpopular event, for there are many cases in which a regular school life as a game frequency, a training period and the interscholastic game program of the Korean college are holded duplicatly during the same period. Therefore the duplication with a collegiate program is aggravating the athletes’ trouble in doing schoolwork and is resulting in the phenomenon of scholarly attainments being lowered. I will present a few ideas to improve the unbalance in fess match frequency compared with a meeting frequency, First, to have to turn a collective sports event into the “Home and Away” form. Second, to operate the collegiate football match in the “Home and Away” form. Third, to make obligatory an athletic club’s expert coach system. Fourth, to establish a qualification standard for the student athlete’s records in school. Fifth, in the case of joining matches, to make obligatory the submitting of acertificate of health to protect an athlete. Sixth, to found the intersholastic game operating organization for the colleges. If we operate the colleges interscholastic game, in such ways, more reasonably and efficiently, I think that we can make better the normal collegiate operation, the inhabitants’ concern as well as the protection of the athlete.

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이대선

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The purpose of this study was to identify the leadership styles and style adaptability of aerobics instructors. More specially, the study aimed : (1) to investigate aerobics instructors` self-perception of their leadership styles and style adaptability: (2) to analyze the relationship between leadership styles and style adaptability of aerobics instructors and their 6 demographic variables(sex, age, marriage, educational background, instructing experience, possession of instructor certificate). The subjects were 94 aerobics instructors working at aerobics and health centers in Seoul and data were collected by questionnaire. The statistical techniques used for the analysis of the study were frequency, Pearson`s correlation, discriminant analysis. The results of this study are as follows: First, The basic leadership styles of aerobics instructors is selling, the supporting styles are participating and telling, and the least utilized style is delegating. Second, There are significant relationship of sex to participation, delegating, and adaptability. Third, There are significant relationship of age to selling, participation. Forth, There are significant relationship of marriage to selling, delegating. Fifth, There are significant relationship of educational background to participation, delegating, and adaptability. Sixth, There are significant relationship of instructing experience to delegating, adaptability. Seventh, There are significant relationship of possession of instructor certificate to participation, delegating.

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김상국SangKookKim

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전매희MaeHeeChun

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The main purpose of this study is to investigate how the summary KR influences the acquisition of a timing task. The repeated measure was taken to explain the factorial design of experimental conditions in 4(summary KR)×2(task complexity)×12(trial blocks). This experiment consists in 3 parts-Exercise, retention and transfer. The 80 subjects who participated in the experiment: were assigned to 8 groups by 10 people at random. These subjects went through 60 exercise trials which were selected through pretest and performed 15 retention and transfer tests. The result of this experiment shows that the group which performed difficult task through 5 trials obtained better performance than other groups in retention and transfer, though statistically insignificant. We can conclude that the optimal length of the summary KR is hard to define and should be considered according to the characteristics of the task.

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문원재WonJaeMoon

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The purpose of this study was to measure the level of job satisfaction felt among TaeKwonDo instructors. The factors of job satisfaction that were investigated in this study are human relations, job task, job environment, compensation system, professional development, and self-actualization. The results of the study are as follows : 1. The higher was the status of the TaeKwonDo instructor, the higher was the overall job satisfaction level. Among the six factors of job satisfaction, satisfaction with the job task(p<0.01), self-actualization(p<0.01), human relations(p<0.05), and job environment(p<0.05) were the factors that contributed to the high level of job satisfaction. 2. The higher the education background of the TaeKwonDo instructor, the higher was the overall job satisfaction level. Among the six factors of job satisfaction, compensation(p<0.05) was the factor that contributed to the high level of job satisfaction. 3. The higher the age of the TaeKwonDo instructor, the higher was the overall job satisfaction level. Among the six factors of job satisfaction, job task(p<0.01), human relations(p<0.05), compensation(p<0.05), and self-actualization(p<0.05) were the factors that contributed to the high level of job satisfaction.

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김병준ByoungJunKim

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Studies on association and dissociation have not produced consistent findings. While several studies(e. g., Morgan & Pollock, 1977: Acevedo, Dzewaltowski, Gill, & Noble, 1992) reported that elite marathoners used more associative strategies, some laboratory experiments(e. g., Gill & Strom, 1985: Weinberg, Jackson, & Gould, 1984) revealed that dissociative strategies were more effective in performing endurance tasks. Meta-analytic techniques were employed to integrate available literature on the issue. Major findings suggested that dissociative condition was aligned with performance improvement over associative strategies(ES=0.34). Dissociation was also found to be considerably effective in persisting endurance task compared with control condition(ES=0.49). However, subjects employed in the association/dissociation studies were characterized as untrained college students. Thus, limited sample characteristics of the previous studies warrant further investigations. Future research should be directed toward the use of more reliable and controlled research designs, and the link between attentional strategy and peak performance experience.

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김창국ChangKookKim

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the muscle activity patterns during concentric and eccentric contraction of the knee extensor muscle(m. rectus femoris) and to determine how the muscle activity patterns change as the angular speeds(60, 120, 180˚/sec) and loads(30 & 60% max load) are varied. Ten healthy university students(male) performed the concentric and eccentric movements with a leg extention machine. The EMG activity was recorded from the m. rectus femoris with a Lafayette Instrument EMG Model 76409 and pairs of surface electrodes at a sampling rate of 1000 ㎐. The EMG data was scaled based on the standardized EMG values(MVC) on m. rectus femoris and a ANOVA Repeated Measures & Sheffee’ test(p<.05) was employed for statistic analysis. The results revealed that the IEMG activity of concentric muscle contraction on 30% max load increased with increasing knee angular velocity from 60˚/sec to 120˚/sec & 180˚/sec(p<.05). but eccentric contraction did not. The concentric contraction had higher IEMG activity than eccentric contraction on every conditions(p<.05). The IEMG activity during eccentric contractions at 120˚/sec and 180˚/sec was greater in the 60% max load than in the 30% max load (p<.05). In conclusion, the results indicated that speed is not a significant factor in influencing the IEMG activity in eccentric muscle contractions. Also, the data supports that the eccentric muscle contraction at 60-180˚/sec have less IEMG activity than concentric muscle contractions and the loads had greater effects on the eccentric contraction than on the concentric contraction.

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오상덕SangDuckOh

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This study was tested in order to produce metabolic comprehension on efficiency of energy utilization by comparing, analysing relationship of blood glucose and insulin changes after all-out treadmill run exercise. The subjects of this study were 5 male athletes(football plyers), 5 ordinary male students on H university in Seoul. The protocol for exercise load was Bruce, s stress test protocol, all subjects were ran from rest to ail-out state progressively. Blood samples was drawn from antecubital vein by using multiple needle. The basic design for this study was repeated measurement within group and between groups, independent variable was exercise conditions and group, s property, dependent variable was Glucose and Insulin. All data were analysed by 2-way ANOVA for statistical significance, the analysis of their correlation was made by using qualitative analysis method Product Moment Correlation Coefficient. The result of this study as follows 1. On the comparison within each groups, blood glucose concentration increased in immediately exercise, showed the highest level in post-10min. exercise, then suddenly declined in post-20 min. exercise on both groups with significance. 2. On the comparison Between each groups, blood glucose concentration suddenly increased in post-10min. exercise, then suddenly declined in post-20min. exercise in athletes groups with significance. 3. On the comparison Within each groups, blood insulin concentration significantly declined in immediately exercise, significantly increased in post-10min. exercise, then significantly declined in post-20min. exercise on both groups. 4. On the comparison Between each groups, blood insulin concentration on athletes group showed lower level than non-athletes group in rest and athletes group showed significantly decliner at immediately exercise, significantly increase in post-10min. exercise, significantly decliner in post-20min, exercise than non-athletes group. 5. On both groups, relationship of blood glucose and blood insuin was showed significant correlation only in rest, was not showed significant on other conditions. As a conclusion, The change of increase in blood glucose was showed differently by level of exercise intensity and training, blood insulin showed significant difference according to conditions and exercise experience, was showed contribute to energy of glucose. But, analysis of relationship of blood glucose and insulin was showed high correlation only at rest because balance of blood glucose and insulin breaked up by exercise stimulation.

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김도희DoHeuyKim , Going Sb

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The purpose of this study was to develop cardiovascular health related percent body-fat standards that may be applied to epidemiologic investigations of the prevalence and incidence of obesity in children and adolescents, pediatric health screenings, and youth fitness tests. The subjects included 87 males and 75 females aged 9∼17years. All subject were elementary, middle, high school students of 3 city in Arizona state(Phoenix, Tucson, Sierra vista). Total body fat was derived from body density which was estimated from age and the triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness measured with Lang calipers to the nearst 1.0㎜. Serum total cholesterol and lipoprotein cholesterol fraction(HDL-C, LDL-C, and VLDL-C)were measured from blood obtained from fore arm vein after blood pressure measurement. In analyses to determine critical fat levels associated with elevated CVD risk factors:male and female were grouped by level of percent fat as follows : male, <10%, 10-14.9%, 15-19.9%. 20-24.9%, and ≥ 25%:female, <20%, 20-24.9%, 25-29.9%, 30-34.9%, and ≥35%. A chi-square test was used to determine whether the percentages of subjects in the fifth quintile for the CVD risk-factor variables were significantly different then those expected changed alone (20%) at each level of body fatness. As the results of the data, the conclusions were as follows : 1. A dose response effect was observed between blood pressure and percent body fat in males and females : in contrast, total cholesterol and lipoprotein ratios were relatively independent of percent fat among the lower four fatness group in males and the lower three fatness groups in females. 2. The percentage of subjects in the uppermost quintile for S-Bp, D-Bp, TC, LDL/HDL, (VLDL+LDL)/HDL was significantly(P<.05) greater than expected by change alone(20%) in males with ≥25% fat and in females with ≥30% fat, females with ≥35% had even greater representation in the uppermost quintile of all CVD risk factors compared to females with 30-34.9% fat.

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신길수 , 두만균 , 홍성찬 , 김수근

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The purpose of this study was to investigate changes of motor performance and body composition in lactate treshold training. The subjects were composed of 14 male university students. They were pedalled with 50rpm at the beginning with unloads for two minute and the reahter the work rate was increased 25 watts every minute until volitional exhaustion. They performed the graded maximal exercise test by way of ergometer. And the subjects were randomly assigned to either the experimental group(lactate threshold training) or control group. Each subjects trained on a ergometer for 8 weeks, 3 days per week for 20min at work rate corresponding to lactate threshold(LT). The conclusions of study are as follows: 1. After 8 weeks LT-training, motor performance and body composition changed significantly (p<.05). 2. After 8 weeks LT-training, increased LT-V˙O₂ 0.591/min(p<.05), LT-%V˙O₂max(%) 13.26% (p<.05), LT-V˙E 13.64 l/min(p<.05), LT-VCO-2 0.54 l/min(p<.05), LT-HR 11.52beats/min(p<.05), LT-% HRmax 5.55beats/min(p<.05), Work rate 69.75watts(p<.05) significantly. 3. LT-training decreased significantly %fat (16.4%).

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김기학KiHackKim , 김헌경HunKyungKim , 이동수DongSooLee , 박정화JungHwaPark

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The purpose of this study were: (1) to investigate children`s obesity, (2) to suggest a method to measure the proportion of obesity in simple way, and(3) to determine environmental factors that influencing children`s body composition. Elementary school students(male=1244, female=1144) whose ages ranged from 8 to 14 years served as subjects. Measurement items(dependent variables) were standing height, weight, blood pressure, waist and hip girth, pluse, and bioelectrical impedance. Seventy-three items in 7 areas including family circumstance were investigated to measure subject`s living environment. Body density and percent body fat(%fat) were measured using Kim et al. and Lohman`s method. Determining the criterion of obesity is that if a male(female) who has over 20(25) %fat. Lean is that if male(female) has below 12(15) %fat. Based on the findings, the following conclusions are made. 1. Male students(17.8%) showed higher rate of obesity than those of female students(16.3%) in general. It was appeared that both male(21.5%) and female(18.1%) in a big city tended to produce greater proportion of obesity than both male(13.9%) and female(14.4%) in a small city. A peak period of obesity appearance is: for male(10 years old, 32.5%), female(9 years old, 25.4%) in the big city, and for male(9 years old, 25.4%) and female(11 years old, 18.0%) in the small city. 2. The results of this study revealed that Rohrer Index(RI) was superior to Body Mass Index while measuring children`s obesity. It is suggested that obesity could be determined with the following categories: (1) over 146 of RI, and (2) skinfold thickness for male(over 33㎜) and female (over 38㎜). 3. Utilizing skinfold thickness and physique index as independent variables and %fat as a dependent variable, an estimation formula for obesity was established based on a multiple regression equation. 4. The present findings reported that the correlation between %fat and environmental factor was for male(r=0.409) and female(r=0.419) respectively. The results also indicated that in a case of male, family income and heredity, and for female heredity, habit of snack, and degree of exercise tended to influence the %fat.

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조성봉SeongBongCho

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The Purpose of this study was performed the investigation of the effects of the 12 weeks regular exercise program on the physical fitness of 60’s for age. The results were as follows: 1. In the grip strength and push up, it could not find the significant difference between exercise group and non-exercise group. 2. Sit and reach of exercise group after training showed a significantly higher value than the non-exercise group. 3. In the power parameter as long jump, it could not find the significant difference between exercise group and non-exercise group. 4. Maximal oxygen uptake of exercise group after training showed a significantly higher value than the non-exercise group. In this results, the regular exercise with walking and jogging were consider to the effective program for the increase of flexibilty and endurance capacity of older age group. In addition to, for the increase of muscular function and power of older age man, it can suggested the consideration of the other training program.

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김원중WonJungKim

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of endurance training on changes of muscle fiber. This study used 120g weight male rats of Sprague-Dawley family. To do this, we divided 50rats into two groups. One group was no exercise and the other group trained for 10 weeks endurance training. The results ware summarized as follow: 1. The mitochondria of the trained group’s M. solues and M. extensor digitorum longus were larger than in the untrained group. The number of mithochondria of the trained group were greater than in the untrained group. But, in the untrained groups M. solues and M. extensor digitorum longus were similar to each other. 2. The glycogen granule of the trained group’s M, solues were greater than in the untrained group. The number of glycogen granule of M. extensor digitorum longus, trained and untrained groups were similar to each other, In addition to, trained and untrained group’s M. soules’s Z-line developed than M. extensor digitorum longus’s Z-line.

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배영상YeoungSangBae

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The purposes of this study were to investigate the load characteristics and the contribution of body segment from effects of work done by lower limb muscles during the bounce drop jumping at different heights, Eight skilled modern dancers were instructed so as to drop jumping on a force platform with their both legs at four different heights(15, 30, 45, 60㎝). They were filmed from side with a high speed camera(100fps). The mechanical power developed about ankle, knee and hip joints were computed by taking the product of torque and joint angular velocity. Torque and negative power output about knee and ankle joints during the downward phase after landing increased with dropping height, But that during the push off phase did not increase. The amount of negative work done increased with dropping height. The fact that more negative work was done in the same time indicates a higher energy absorption rate during the downward phase. Torque and power output about the joints during the push off phase showed no significantly increase with dropping height. The contribution of body segment by work done about knee and ankle joints during drop jumping showed somewhat larger rate than that about hip joint. Therefore, it was considered that lower dropping heights(15, 30㎝) is better suited than higher dropping heights(45, 60㎝) for athletes who seek to improve the power output of knee extensors and ankle plantarflexors.

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박종성JongSungPark , 이한용HanYongLee , 한상철SangChulHan

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The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of the rehabilitation program using MERAC after surgery on future injury prevention. The subjects in this study were two injured university elite athletes. One was a male volleyball player and another was a female tennis player. They had ruptured cartilage on the right knee. The 8-weeks rehabilitation program in this study was designed using isokinetic muscle contraction exercise in order to rehabilitate strength of knee joint. The following results were obtained 1. Mean power with the high speed loading rehabilitated the most rapidly in the rehabilitation. program. 2. The femoral extensor strength showed faster recovery than the femoral flexor strength did during the rehabilitation program. 3. With the low speed loading the recovery was faster in maximal strength than in mean power, while with the high speed loading the recovery was faster in mean power than in maximal strength. 4. The muscle wavers in maximal strength exertion improved and finally disappeared during the rehabilitation program. 5. Following the rehabilitation program, the strength of femoral muscles, except mean power, rehabilitated to a normal range.

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백원칠WeonChilBack

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To clarify the effects of exercise on the anti-tumor activity at in vivo and in vitro, We performed a well designed experiment with animal model, 8-week-old ICR male mice were divided in two group. 1) control group(not-exercised). 2) exercise group(exercised 20∼30m/min, inclination 8%) 5times per week, for 12 weeks, To investigate the anti-tumor effect at in vivo, at 12 weeks from the beginning of exercise, sarcoma-180 cells were inoculated into peritoneal cavity in control and exercise groups, and thereafter survival time was checked, The NK cell and LAK cell activity at in vivo were checked at the end of exercise and rest time of 48hrs. The mice if exercised groups showed higher level of NK cell and LAK cell activity than the control group. On the other hand, There was nor difference in anti-tumor effect at in vivo between control and exercise group. These results, suggest that exercise modulate the NK and LAK cell at activity but not effect in vivo anti-tumor effect.

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최석준SuckJunChoi

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This study was designed to find the change of contractile properties of soleus and medial gastrocnemius muscles after hind-limb suspension. Hind-limb suspension for 1 weeks was used to produce atrophy. The results of this experiment were as follows : 1. The body weight was decreased hind-limb suspension group(5.7%, P<.01). and the muscle weight of soleus was decreased)in hind-limb suspension group(27.5%, P<.01). 2. The soleus muscles in hind-limb suspension group exhibited marked decreased in contraction time(31.9%, P<.01), half relation time(19.7%, P<.01), tetanic tension(66.9%, P<.01), fatigue index(12.2%, P<.01). 3. The medial gastrocnemius muscles in hind-limb suspension group exhibited marked decreased in contraction time(11.0%, P<.01), tetanic tension(14.0%. P<.05), fatigue index(31.9%, P<.01). These results showed that most contractile properties of slow soleus twitch muscles were affected by hind-limb suspension, But those of fast medial gastrocnemius twitch muscles were affected partially by hind-limb suspension.

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신대철DaeChulShin

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The purpose of this study was to prove the effect of a 8-weeks’ long-dated training for muscle strength to improve road and track cyclists’ performance through strenthening knee joint muscle, using a Cybex- II system, a particular machine for isokinetic muscle strength training. Making professional road and track cyclists the object of study, we analyzed muscle strength, muscle power, muscle endurance, work, work and muscle contraction time and ROM, which are factors to have influence on pedaling by improving the balanced extension and flexion of right and left knee joint muscle strength. The results of the study were as follows : 1. Extension and flexion of right and left muscle strength in the case of road cyclists changed from the unbalanced state of 85% and 85% before training to the balanced state of 92% and 95% after 8 weeks’ training, in terms of Torque, and those in the case of track cyclists changed from 88% and 90% to 98% and 95%. 2. Extension and flexion of right and left muscle power in the case of road cyclists changed from the unbalanced state of 97% and 83% before training and the balanced state of 98% and 97% after 8 weeks’ training, in terms of Torque, and those in the case of track cyclists changed from 97% and 91% to 98% and 99%. 3. Extension and flexion muscle strength of right and left muscle endurance in the case of road cyclists improved from the level of 32% and 18% before training to that of 51% and 40% after 8 weeks’ training, and that in the case of track cyclists improved from 32% and 34% to 38% and 32%. 4. Right and left work in the case of road cyclists changed from the low level of 80% and 83% before training to the high level of 91% and 92% after 8 weeks’ training, and that in the case of track cyclists changed from 84% and 83% to 92% and 93%.

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김병로ByungRohKim , 강현식HyunSikKang , 변범수BumSooByen

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The purpose of this study was to define the optimal seat height for eliciting maximal leg power output during 30s Wingate Anaerobic Test. Ten male college-students 19-21 years old served as subjects for this study. Subject`s leg length was determined as measuring the distance from the floor to the symphysis pubis with subjects standing straighted-legged on bare foot against the wall. And then it was used as the criteria to determine seat height of 100%. The seat heights used in this study were 92, 96, 100, 104, 108, and 112% of the distance measured from the symphysis pubis to the floor. And it was measured from the pedal to the top of the seat along a straight-line formed by the crank, seat tube and seat post. In each of the six sessions the test was administered on a mechanically braked cycle ergometer (Monark 818). The selection of the seat height per session was done randomly. The measured variables were total work(TW), mean power(MP), peak power(PP), and fatigue index(FI). One-way ANOVA and Turkey were used to assess the mean differences of TW, MP, PP, and FI. The results were summarized as follows: 1. The greatest TW was produced with the use of seat height of 108% (1722±80.28 kpm), even though there were no significant difference in TWs of the seat heights used (P>.05). 2. The greatest MP was produced with the use of seat height of 108% (57.40±2.67 kpm/sec), even though there were no significant difference in MPs of the seat heights used (P>.05). 3. The PP was similar with the use of seat heights of 92, 96, 100, 104, 108% (66.00-66.90 kpm/sec). 4. FI increased gradually from the use of 112% seat height to the use of 92% seat height, meaning that it was highest with the use of 92% seat height and lowest with use of 112% seat height. And there were significant differences among FIs of seat heights of 92, 104, 108, and 112% (P<.05).

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한성수SeongSooHan

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The present study was carried out for obtaining the basic data of pregnant female rat’s physiological changes by swimming exercise during of pre-mating period, gestation period, and lactation period of female rats. The research resulted in following aspects: 1. Body weight gain and better reproductive performance compared to its control group through the effective exercise during gestation period. 2. Stimulation of both heart(P<0.001) and lung(P<0.01) activity through the exercise during gestation period. 3. Decrease in blood pressure and pulse rate by the exercise which play a role in slowing down of the blood flow. 4. Reduction of glycogen utilization by the exercise which might lead to an endurance against fatigue (P<0.01). The results suggest that an appropriate exercise during pre-mating period, gestation period, lactation period woullp on the health of dams and offspring in rat.

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최은택EunTaikChoi , 고영완YoungWanKo

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to prevent from chronic diseases such as coronary heart disease by using swimming program for elder & middle-aged women, and to investigate the effects of serum lipids. The subjects classified into trained elderly women group(60-65 yeas, n=8), untrained elderly women group(60-65 years, n=8), trained middle-aged women group(42-48 years, n=8), & untrained middle-aged women group(42-48 years, n=8). In order to change of the acurate serum lipids by swimming program during 8 months(3times/week, 50min./day), all subjects of each group were gradually exercised by treadmill untill exhaustion. Blood samples were taken from antecubital vein one time immediately after exhaustion and analyzed for total cholesterol, HDEL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL-cholesterol calculated by the formula of Friedewald et al. These data were analyzed by twoway ANOVA between age(aged females * middle-aged females) * training(trained * untrained) groups. The results showed that there were significant changes in total cholesterol at age groups(p< 0.05), but no significant changes at training groups(p >0.05) & age * training groups interaction(p>0.05). and there were significant changes in HDL-cholesterol(age groups, p<0,01: training groups, p< 0.001, age * training groups interaction, p >0.05), triglycerides(age groups, p<0.01: training groups, p< 0.001, age * training groups interaction, p >0.05), and LDL-cholesterol(age groups, p<0.01: training groups, p< 0.001, age * training groups interaction, p >0.05). In conclusion, increases in HDL-cholesterol and decreases in LDL-cholesterol & triglycerides after endurance training can be suggested as an effect to prevent CHD for the elderly & middle-aged subjects.

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양은석EunSeokYang , 양정수JungSuYang , 김명화MyungWhaKim , 김진환JinHwanKim

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The purpose of this study was to establish an evaluative norm of stress tolerance according to the levels of exercise tolerance in the case of Korean people. The subjects consisted of 224 adults (70 male subjects of the 20s, 50 female subjects of the 20s, 53 male subjects of the 30s, 51 female subjects of the 30s). Its practical purpose is to allow the general public to self-diagnose and evaluate the level of exercise tolerance, following a simple and reasonable method. This method was done by developing norm of exercise tolerance by step test. Also, this study tried to develop an evaluative norm of stress tolerance according to exercise tolerance after testing the influence of exercise tolerance being stress moderator variable on stress level. The results of this study are as fellows ; 1. In the maximal oxygen uptake, the 20s showed significantly higher than the 30s.(F(1,220)=125.06: p<.01), and the male subjects showed higher than the female subjects(F(1,220)=191.62; p<.01). 2. In the higher level maximal oxygen uptake, the groupings are the male subjects of the 20s, the male subjects of the 30s, the female subjects of the 20s, and the female subjects of the 30s in the order. 3. In the step-test, the 20s showed significantly higher than the 30s(F(1,220)=21.95, p<.01). The male subjects showed significantly higher than the female subjects. 4. Regression equation for maximal oxygen uptake measurement are as follows: 1) The male subjects of the 20s : Y=0.06X+38.076, p<0.05 2) The female subjects of the 20s : Y=0.25X+18.947, p<0.01 3) The male subjects of the 30s : Y=0.41X+13.699, p<0.01 4) The female subjects of the 30s : Y=0.34+9.701, p<0.01 * Y=VO₂ max. (㎖/㎏/min) X=step points 5. In the level of state on stress, the 30s showed higher than the 20s, and the male subjects higher than the female subjects. 6. In particular, the male subjects of the 30s showed lowest stress tolerance. 7. The higher the level of exercise tolerance by step test, the higher the stress tolerance. 8. Age, sex, and the level of exercise tolerance were identified as moderator variables. “This study was supported by the funds of Hallym University Science Institute”

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이건범GunBumLee

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The purpose of this study is to provide some fundamental informations for improvement of skills in table tennis and design of new racket by analyzing structural features and kinematic properties of 3 Grip styles, pen holder grip(PHG), shake hand grip(SHG) and gun grip(GUN). A man(researcher) and a woman of Dong Duck women`s university intercollegiate varsity players served as subjects for this study. The structural features of 3 grip styles was analyzed by using the x-ray film in neutral position. DLT(Direct linear transformation) method of 3D cinematography was adapted to analyze the film of stroke motion at the impact point by 3 grip styles that was shot by using two high speed cameras at speed 100fps. The results of this study are follows; 1. PHG is a modification style of the fingertip grip(by Recklinghausen) or the precision grip(by Napier). The grip is a position of being fixed in the paddle of racket between the thumb and the index finger in the neutral position(by Bunnell) of the hand. PHG is a position which is flexed in metacarpophalangeal joint(MPJ), interphalangeal joint(IPJ) of the thumb in partial opposition to the index finger, and is flexed in MPJ, 1st IPJ, 2nd IPJ of the index finger, and is a hooked position which catches the end of the paddle. PHG is also a position supporting the behind of the racket blade with the three fingers, which are hyperextend in all joints of the middle, the ring and the little finger. In this position, the racket blade is compressed by flexion of the thumb and the index finger. SHG and GUN are basically the same grip style, a modification style of the clamping fist (Recklinghausen) or the power grip(Napier). In this style of closure the paddle of the racket in the hand is pressed by flexion of all joints of the middle, the ring, and the little finger, and the paddle of the racket and the racket blade is compressed by flexion of the carpometacarpal joint(CMJ), the MPJ, the IPJ of the thumb, and in this position, the behind of the racket blade is supported by the hyperextended index finger. 2. According to its length of the distance between the midpoint of radiocarpal joint and the center of the racket blade in a neutral position, GUN is the longest one, SHG is middle one, PHG is the shortest one. 3. In fore hand stroke, the angular velocity at the elbow and the wrist, the velocity of the racket and the ball is PHG, GUN, SHG in the order of its magnitude. In back hand stroke, the angular velocity at the elbow is PHG, GUN, SHG in the order of its magnitude, and the angular velocity at the wrist, the velocity of the racket and the ball is same as fore hand stroke, GUN, SHG, PHG in the order of its magnitude. 4. In PHG, the angle between the longitudinal axis of the forearm and the longitudinal axis of the racket at the impact point is less than it of the neutral position, but it is larger than it of the neutral position in SHG and GUN. 5. In fore hand stroke and back hand stroke, the open angle of the racket is PHG, GUN, SHG in the order of it magnitude, the forward lean angle is PHG, GUN, SHG in the reverse order of its magnitude. In back hand stroke it of 3 grip styles is similar. 6. Values of the velocity variables in cross stroke is larger than straight stroke. 7. The angle of the open angle and forward lean angle of the Racket in straight stroke is greater than cross stroke.

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배성제SungJeeBae , 김복영BokYoungKim

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The purpose of this study was to analyze kinematic variables during drive swing by PGA professional golfers of supreme class and suggest kinematic principle of golf swing. The subjects of this study were five KPGA professional golfers who had 10 years career. The experiment of this study was used two 16mm high speed cameras and its speed was 250frames/second. Data analysis of this study was three-dimentional cinematography using KWON3D program package. The conclusions were : 1. Down swing time was 1/4 compared back swing. 2. C. O. G. position was not changed during address and impact. 3. Although club head velocity was not faster during down swing, the fast ball velocity after impact was caused by the correct weight shift and the effect of late hitting. 4. As vertical flight angle of ball, the type of drive swing was 2∼3˚upper swing path 5. To invesigate each segments rotation angle during down swing, hip joint sustained open state for hitting direction and help trunk rotation. 6. Because average club shaft angle was 123.3±4.1˚during impact, late hitting was well performed 7. The different of swing angle was less 10.6±4.1˚during down swing than back swing. Because right arm pass near waist and left waist was extension and right waist was flexion waist, trunk, club were swquent rotation after rotation of knee during down swing.

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김상복SangBokKim , 진영완YoungWanJin

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The current study was to analyze kinematics and kinetics variables of a backward somersault motion in gymnastics. The purpose of this study was investigated a better coaching method by knowing the mechanical variables. Five subjects were tested with a force platform and a cinematography. The electrical signals took by a computer showed the typical force-time curve. A filming was used a Photosonic 1PL high speed camera. Movement analyses of the results were used to obtain kinematics and kinetics data. The result could be summarized as the following 1. The time of motion was force production phase, preparatory phase, flight phase in order. 2. The horizontal displacement was unrelated with the height of the subject. 3. The center of gravity decreased at the preparatory phase and started increasing at the end of the preparatory phase to result a maximum height of center of gravity after the take-off phase. 4. The speed of center of gravity at take-off phase the horizontal average speed was 1.431±0.175m/sec, the vertical average speed was 1.819±0.152m/sec, resultant average speed was 2.317±0.197m/sec. The backward somersault movement was moved the horizontal direction faster than the vertical direction. 5. The angle of important joints at take-off laid out the vertical direction and appeared to total body laid out to increase the vertical direction force. 6. Angular momentum was appeared maximum at take-off. 7. Reaction force was appeared about 2-times of weight at take-off. The backward somersault was appeared that vertical height was more important than a horizontal displacement as increasing the vertical height, the horizontal displacement was decreased and the result occured a fast rotation of whole body.

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조인철InChulCho

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The purpose of this dissertation was to analyze contextual interference effects examined by different age groups and by means of RT, MT and ER. In other words, this study attempted to analyze how differently contextual interference effect, first introduced by battig(1979) to motor skill learning, is revealed to each age group of 11, 14 and 19 year olds with cognitive processing capacity of its own. The facilities used in this experiment were PC-386 Micro Computer, Super VGA Color Monitor and Movement Response Board on which 9 touch sensitive buttons are attached. The results are as follows: 1. In the APP, regardless of ages, blocked practice condition had faster RT and MT than the random practice condition. 2. In the TPP, regardless of ages, random practice condition had faster RT and MT than the blocked practice condition. 3. In both APP and TPP, serial practice condition and random practice condition revealed no difference between RT and MT. 4. In both APP and TPP, RT and MT were shortened as age increased. 5. In the acquisition-transfer performance comparison phase, contextual interference effect was revealed in all age groups. 6. Contextual interference effect had a strong correlation with RT and MT, but the result of error proved to be insignificant.

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이철희ChulHeeLee , 김헌경HunKyungKim

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Abstract

The absolutely accurate assessment of body composition in living organism is not an easy task. Among many techniques of estimating body composition, the bioelectrical impedance(BI) and skinfold thickness(ST) methods are available for indirect determination of human body composition. The validity and/or cross-validity of BI and ST methods has been estabilished to be sufficiently high in the men and women. However, more studies are needed to assess the validity and applicability of BI and ST methods to the children. This study was examined to the validity and cross-validity of body density measured by BI and ST methods against underwater weighing (UW) as a criterion, and to propose generalized prediction equations that are applicable to the children. The validation samples were 76 boys and 72 girls, and cross-validation samples were 22 boys and 17 girls aged 9 to 11 years. The BI was measured using a tetrapolar bioelectrical impedance plethysmograph(Selco SIF-891). The ST was measured at four sites(triceps, subscapular, abdominal, suprailiac ) using an Eiken-type caliper. The body density estimated by BI and ST correlated significantly with the densitometrically determined body density. The degree of the correlations was slightly higher in boys than in girls. However, the validity of the BI and ST methods was found to be unsufficient in girls, thereby indicating the need for a more accurate method of assessing body composition in children. We developed multiple regression equations that may be applicable to a wide range of children based on bioelectrical impedance and anthropometric variables. The perdiction equations were cross-validated in the other sample of children. The cross-validation results indicated that correlation coefficients were slightly lower in the cross-validation sample than in the validation sample and yielded comparable results when used to estimate body composition in healthy children. We suggest that body composition of younger generation is better estimated by a combination of BI and ST variables.

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